How the Bond Market Influences Currencies and Exchange Rates

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The bond market has a significant role in determining the direction of currencies and exchange rates. Therefore, if you haven’t been tracking bonds as part of your trading, here’s a good primer on why you should consider the bond market. This is especially true for currency traders, since bonds influence the currency pairs in your portfolio.

The Bond Market

Bonds are a trading specialty in their own right.

You don’t need to be an expert in bonds in order to understand their influence on currency markets. Because bonds are so closely connected to currency pairs, bonds traders find it an easy transition to forex and vice versa.

This is partly because bond rates typically move in tandem with currency pairs. Moreover, things that influence currencies also influence bonds. Or, more accurately, economic events influence bonds which influence the currency.

From a forex trader’s perspective, we focus on the most important of the bonds: treasuries or sovereign bonds.

These are debt commitments issued by the government. Moreover, virtually all the debt of a country is denominated in bonds. These bonds are considered the most reliable. They are the ones that are most likely to be paid off and can function in the same way a currency can. Often, big corporate deals will be paid with bonds instead of actual cash, because it’s more convenient.

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Bond Prices and Yields

A bond is a commitment by the issuer to pay a certain amount of money in the future, plus interest rates. So, it’s like a loan. But, unlike a loan, it’s transferable. In other words, you can buy and sell bonds.

The price of a bond depends on how likely the issuer is to pay it back, plus the interest rate. If the issuer is less likely to pay the bond back, then the interest rate needs to be higher to offset that risk and incentivize people to buy it.

Rising economic risk, therefore, translates into higher bond interest rates, which is called the yield.

The United States is seen as one of the most stable economies, and their government is the most likely to pay their bonds. Therefore, interest rates on their bonds are low.

By contrast, a country with a worse economic outlook, such as Turkey, will have a higher interest rate on their bonds. This interest rate differential is what leads to carry trading, one of the driving forces behind currency values.

The interest rate paid on bonds is related to the reference rate of the central bank. Investors can choose to deposit their money in the bank or buy bonds.

They can take the money out of their bank account whenever they want. However, the bond has a fixed time. For example, a bond might have a fixed time of one year. In other words, you can’t redeem your bond until a year from now.

Bonds have a higher risk than bank deposits. Accordingly, they also have a higher interest rate than bank deposits. Increasing the reference rate translates into higher bond yields, and lower interest rates translates to lower yields.

The Search for Yields and the Return to Safety

Interest rates influence the value of a currency. That’s because of the demand for buying bonds in that currency. Countries with higher interest rates will attract more investors in their bonds, because those investors want to get a higher yield. Also, the demand for the currency needed to buy those bonds makes that currency stronger. And vice versa.

The reason governments don’t just jack the interest rate in order to get all the money flowing into their country is that it increases the cost of servicing their own debt. Also, as interest rates increase, it makes bonds more attractive compared to other riskier investments, such as stocks or buying things. And this reduces activity in the economy.

Poor economic performance translates into lower interest rates, as regulators try to stimulate their economies. That means bad economic news lowers demand for bonds in that currency. This translates into a lower value of the currency. And this is how a risk-off environment strengthens “safe haven” currencies while weakening emerging market currencies.

Bond Yields as a Gauge of Currency Moves

Bond yields move as investors balance their desire for more return on their investment compared to the risk of default (or ability to sell the bond in the future). This leads to currency flows between countries that cause their respective pairs to move. And that’s why traders can know what is happening in the currency market by looking at bonds, and vice versa.

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